Introduction. The study of gross anatomy has always been confronted with limitations including deterioration, bad odor of cadaver and fixative solutions. one of the modern preservation techniques is plastination. In this project a whole body was made by plastination technique.Methods. This study was carried out on a fresh human body after fixation of the cadaver. It was dissected carefully after 6 months. It was then dehydrated and defated in cold acetone (-25˚6) for 2 weeks and warm (35-40˚c) acetone for 4 weeks. finally it was impregnated by polymer under pressure of vaccum. Results. The plastinated specimens found to be immune from infection, deterioration and flexible without bad odor and showing natural color.Discussion. Plastination is a modern techinque that has many advantages to formaldehyde fixation especially for our country with limited source of body donation. Plastinated specimens can be unique material for teaching and can play a key role in solving our problem of cadaver shortage.  

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of whole soybean heat processing time in different inclusion levels on male broilers performance in comparison with a ration based on the equivalent value of soybean meal and soybean oil. Four hundred and thirty two male broilers at 21 days of age were randomly taken in 9 treatments, each of which had 4 replications of 12 chickens.A factorial experiment on the basis of a complete randomized design was used in this study. Broilers were fed by 4 types of soybean seeds, which were respectively processed for 0, 20, 40, and 60-minutes, and in 2 inclusion levels (20 and 47 percent). They were compared with the control groups, ration based on the equivalent value of soybean meal and oil. Heat processing was accomplished using common lab ovens at 150°c and for specified times. The results indicated that heat processing has a significant effect on broilers' body weight, feed consumption as well as feed conversion ratio at 42 days of age (P<0.05). Also, observations indicated that 20 percent inclusion level resulted better as compared with the control group and in contrast to the 47 percent inclusion level. Raw soybean seed consumption resulted in a significant increase in pancreas size of the chicks as compared to processed, and the control groups (P<0.05). In contrast, abdominal fat percentage for chickens fed by experimental rations showed no significant difference (P>0.05). In total, the best performance results were achieved by the use of rations containing 20 percent of 60 minute processed soybean seeds; these results being identical with those of the control groups.

In this the effect of heating (roasting) of two varieties of whole soybeans (Sahar and Williams) on chemical composition, nitrogen fractions, degradability coefficients and ruminal-intestinal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was determined. The grains were heated using a commercial instrument, 130-135°C. A portion of the grains was cooled immediately and the rest was steeped for 45 minutes. Heating the grains caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction of the buffer soluble nitrogen fraction compared to raw grains (79.5 and 76.3 percent decrease in Sahar and Williams, respectively) and steeping intensified it (87.0 and 86.9 percent in Sahar and Williams, respectively). Degradation rate constant (c) of DM and CP was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in roasted grains (75.0, 77.5 percent decrease in Sahar and 63.3, 73.0 percent decrease in Williams, respectively). This reduction was lower for steeped-roasted grains (38.8, 76.2 percent decrease in Sahar and 56.7, 73.1 percent decrease in Williams, respectively). The disappearance of ruminal DM and CP of roasted grains was significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to the raw seeds (30.2, 58.5 percent decrease in Sahar and 23.1, 57.1 percent decrease in Williams, respectively), but intestinal disappearance of non-ruminal digestible of these nutrients was markedly (P<0.05) increased (11.4, 33.3 percent increase in Sahar and 26.3, 72.7 percent increase in Williams, respectively). Despite the reduction of ruminal disappearance of DM and CP of heated seads increase in intestinal disappearance of DM and CP was recorded and total tract disappearance of DM and CP was significantly (P<0.05) higher than raw grains.

Introduction: Soybean meal (SBM) is the main source of protein in broiler diets. Interest has been increased in the use of roasted full-fat soybean (RFFS) as a replacement of soybean meal and fat in broiler diets. The use of full-fat soybean can eliminate the high cost of oil usage and allows the use of a protein supplement in the broiler diets. Fullfat soybeans could provide both protein and energy in one feed ingredient. Use of raw soybeans in poultry diets is not efficient due to presence of anti-nutrient factors like trypsin inhibitor factors. One method of raw soybeans heat processing is roasting the beans by a rotating chamber in which they are directly exposed to a flame. It has been reported similar weight gains by broiler chicks fed heat treated full-fat soybeans or SBM. Heat-treated full-fat soybeans have been included in broiler diets at the level of 15% and reported that body weight at 6 weeks of age were not significantly affected. In contrast, heat-treated full-fat soybeans in starter and finisher diets at the level of 30% reduced growth performance during the starter period. However, the adverse effects became less severe as bird age increases. In some cases weight gain significantly decreased by full-fat soybeans compare to SBM containing diets. When 100% of the soybean meal was replaced by roasted full-fat soybeans, body weight was significantly decreased at 3weeks of age. The high energy of full-fat soybeans may change carcass composition. It has been shown that carcass yield of broiler chickens improved 3% when soybeans were included 10% of the diet. Information about full-fat soybeans for broilers is limited. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of substituting different levels of roasted full-fat soybean for soybean meal in diets of broiler chickens on performance and blood metabolites. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effects of roasted whole soybeans replacement for soybean meal in male broiler chicken diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters, a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates was carried out with 192 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks up 42 days. In this experiment, RFFS was roasted in 130 centigrade degrees for 30 minutes. All groups were fed with a standard starter diet during 1-14 d. RFFS was substituted in 4 dietary levels of zero, 25, 50 and 75 percent for soybean meal during growing (15-28 d) and finisher (29-42 d) periods. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during grower and finisher periods. Birds were reared on litter floor pens and a lighting program with 23: 1 h light and darkness was used from 1-42 d. At day 42 after 3 h fasting, one bird from each replicate close to group mean weight was selected to determine carcass characteristics and blood parameters. Blood samples were taken from the wing vein and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000×g for five min. The serum samples were kept in-20° C until analysis. Results and Discussion: Results showed that 75% level of RFFS replaced with SBM significantly decreased weight gain, body weight at the end of each period and feed intake in grower period. In finisher period the replacement of 75% of SBM with RFFS, resulted lower body weight, daily weight gain and feed consumption in compare to other replacement levels (P<0. 05). FCR in grower period was not significantly affected by treatments but control group in finisher period had better feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments (P<0. 05). Carcass parts including breast, thighs and pancreas were not significantly affected by the treatments. But, liver and abdominal fat pad weights were increased when the FFSM level was increased to 75% substituting level (P<0. 05). RFFS had no significant effects on blood serum triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase concentrations. But, blood serum cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL) concentrations in control group were significantly lower than other treatments. Serum aspartate transaminase concentration in 75% replacement level of RFFS for SBM was significantly lower than other treatments (P<0. 05). Serum creatine phosphokinase concentration in control group was significantly (P<0. 05) lower than other groups. Conclusions: Results of this experiment revealed that replacement of 50% of diet SBM with RFFS during 15-42 days of age has no adverse effect on broiler chickens growth performance and increases blood HDL.

An experiment was conducted in order to study the effect of different substitution levels of extruded (ESB) with soybean meal (SBM) and two dietary vitamin E levels on production index and economic traits of broilers. 264 Cobb 500 day-old chicks of either sex were distributed among 24 groups of 11 chicks per each experiment was exerted as a 4×2 factorial arrangement (4 substitution levels of ESB with SBM: 0, 25, 50 and 75% and two dietary levels of vitamin E, 42 and 75 IU/Kg) with three replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that different substitution levels had no significant effect on production index at 28 and 42 days of age (P>0.05). However recommended levels of vitamin E significantly improved production index at 28 days of age (P<0.05). The interaction effect of different substitution level of ESB with SBM and vitamin E supplement on feed cost at 28 days and feed cost per live weight gain at 28 and 42 days was significant (P<0.05). As increases each of them increased costs. Monetary return at 42 days of age was significant (P<0.05) and increase of monetary return was showed. It can be said that different substitution levels of ESB with SBM plus higher level of dietary vitamin E had not any negative effect on economic status and production index of broilers.

Fifteen multiparous cows with mean weight 630+50 and 50+ 40 DIM were selected for comparison of different levels of soybean and allocated randomly to three treatments. The rations were fed to cows as total mixed ration and ad libitum. The cows were and milked three times a day and daily milk yield was recorded while milk samples taken once per week for determination of milk composition and samples of rumen liquor and blood were taken at the last week of experiment. Dry matter intake increased with increasing of soybean levels. The average of milk yield with respect to the rations 1-3 were 29.9, 28.9 and 28.7 and fat corrected milk yield for 4% fat were 27.4, 29.2 and 28.7 kg per day respectively. That it wasn’t significantly different. Milk composition including fat, protein, solid non fat and total solid percent were not affected. Treatments had no significant effect on feces PH and rumen pH. The average of weight change to body weight was 0.2, 1.8 and 4.2 that was not significantly different. Chewing activity (minute per day) was numerically decreased in second diet, but chewing activity to dry matter intake was significantly decreased in second diet. Concentration of calcium, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen, T3 and T4 in blood of cows receiving different diets were not different, while concentration of glucose and phosphorus in blood were different.

This experiment was designed to survey the nutritive value and estimate protected-protein level of Protanomix as a new protein source and compare it with soybean meal. Protanomix is a brown powder by separating the precipitate produced from the reaction of tannin with corn-steep liquor. Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) in this protein source is nearly similar to soybean meal, and more than 80% of its protein content is insoluble. In this study, potential of in vitro gas production in Protanomix was significantly (P˂0.001) lower than the control treatment (soybean meal); however, substitution of soybean meal at different levels of Protanomix in experimental diets did not lead to significant changes in gas production parameters (P˃0.05). Comparing Protanomix with soybean meal (control) showed that in vitro truly degraded dry matter (IVTDDM), estimated metabilizable energy (ME) and pH were similar (P˃0.05). However, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), apparently in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMAD) and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were significantly higher in soybean meal (P˂0.01) than Protanomix, while partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein synthesis (MPS) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were greater in Protanomix than soybean meal (P˂0.05). Nonetheless, when soybean meal was substituted with different levels of Protanomix in the experimental diets, only concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) was significantly decreased (P˂0.001).

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dairy cow diets containing different protein sources [soybean meal, xylose protected soybean meal (Yasminomax® ), and steam-flaked whole soybean] and various partially processed grain on in vitro gas production kinetics and the microbial nitrogen yield. Soybean meal (S) and xylose protected of soybean meal (XS) were provided as 0. 56: 0. 44 (SXSL) and 0. 51: 0. 49 (SXSH) ratios. The diets were ground barley (B) + S, B+ SXSL, steam-flaked barley (FB) + S, FB + SXSL, B + steam-flaked whole soybean (WS), B + SXSH, FB + WS and FB + SXSH. An in vitro gas production technique was used to define the differences in the microbial nitrogen production of the diets. Asymptotic gas volume (b) was higher than the others for diets containing steam-flaked whole soybean (P<0. 01). The highest constant rate of gas production (c) belongs to diet with ground barley and soybean meal, the highest halftime of gas production (t1/2) was obtained from diet with steam-flaked barley and soybean meal (P<0. 01). The microbial nitrogen yield and consequently microbial nitrogen to diet nitrogen ratio were higher in diets containing xylose protected soybean meal than the others, especially, when compared with steam-flaked whole soybean diets (P<0. 05). These results showed that WS, when compared with S and XS may not improve rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen production with both ground and steam-flaked barley grain and the best performance in microbial nitrogen yield belongs to xylose protected soybean meal.

Crop modeling can be used to help understand how multiple factors interact and impact yield. The crop modeling using of soybean-CROPGRO has been used extensively to evaluate the effects of management practices and environmental conditions on soybean growth, development, yield and yield components. In order to study of grain yield and biomass and also investigation of CROPGRO-Soybean model under four different sowing date and four cultivars under growth potential in Karaj (Alborz province), one experiment carry out as a randomize complete block design in split plot arrangement with four replicate in 2009-2010. Experimental factors was different planting date 19 May (S1), 29 May (S2), 9 Jun (S3), 19 Jun (S4) as main plot and four growth limited cultivars of soybean (Wiliams, L17, M7, Zan) as sub plot. According to obtained results in this experiments, variation dimension of RMSE in all of cultivars for grain yield (GY) 134.764-820.641 kg/ha and also variation dimension Wilmot coefficient (d) obtained 0.550-0.972. Also in all of the treatments, variation dimension RMSE for total dry weight (TDW) obtained between 356.415-1207.338 kg/ha with d variation dimension 0.895-0.989. Generally in all of the sowing dates and cultivars, R2 rate in regression curve for measured counterpoint simulated data (line1: 1) for GY obtained 0.968 with equation y=1.009 x+52.58. Also R2 rate (line 1: 1) for TDW obtained 0.932 with equation y=0.624 x+267.5.